binocular_disparitybinocular_disparitybinocular_disparityBinocularDisparityBinocularDisparity (Operator)

Name

binocular_disparitybinocular_disparitybinocular_disparityBinocularDisparityBinocularDisparity — Compute the disparities of a rectified image pair using correlation techniques.

Signature

Description

binocular_disparitybinocular_disparitybinocular_disparityBinocularDisparityBinocularDisparity computes pixel-wise correspondences between two rectified images using correlation techniques. Different from binocular_distancebinocular_distancebinocular_distanceBinocularDistanceBinocularDistance the results are not transformed into distance values.

The algorithm requires a reference image Image1Image1Image1Image1image1 and a search image Image2Image2Image2Image2image2 which must be rectified, i.e., corresponding epipolar lines are parallel and lie on identical image rows ( r1=r2 ). In case this assumption is violated the images can be rectified by using the operators calibrate_camerascalibrate_camerascalibrate_camerasCalibrateCamerasCalibrateCameras, gen_binocular_rectification_mapgen_binocular_rectification_mapgen_binocular_rectification_mapGenBinocularRectificationMapGenBinocularRectificationMap, and map_imagemap_imagemap_imageMapImageMapImage. Hence, given a pixel in the reference image Image1Image1Image1Image1image1 the homologous pixel in Image2Image2Image2Image2image2 is selected by searching along the corresponding row in Image2Image2Image2Image2image2 and matching a local neighborhood within a rectangular window of size MaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthmaskWidth and MaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightmaskHeight. The pixel correspondences are returned in the single-channel DisparityDisparityDisparityDisparitydisparity image d(r1,c1) which specifies for each pixel (r1,c1) of the reference image Image1Image1Image1Image1image1 a suitable matching pixel (r2,c2) of Image2Image2Image2Image2image2 according to the equation c2 = c1 + d(r1,c1) . A quality measure for each disparity value is returned in ScoreScoreScoreScorescore, containing the best result of the matching function S of a reference pixel. For the matching, the gray values of the original unprocessed images are used.

The used matching function is defined by the parameter MethodMethodMethodMethodmethod allocating three different kinds of correlation:

• 'sad'"sad""sad""sad""sad": Summed Absolute Differences

         S(r1,c1,d) := SUM(|g1(r1',c1')-g2(r1',c1'+d)|), 0=<=S<=255,
  

• 'ssd'"ssd""ssd""ssd""ssd": Summed Squared Differences

         S(r1,c1,d) := SUM((g1(r1',c1')-g2(r1',c1'+d))²), 0<=S<=65025,
  

• 'nnc'"nnc""nnc""nnc""nnc": Normalized Cross Correlation

         S(r1,c1,d) :=
            SUM(g1(r1',c1')-gm1(r1,c1))*(g2(r1',c1'+d)-gm2(r1,c1+d)))/
            SQRT(SUM((g1(r1',c1')-gm1(r1,c1))²)*
                 SUM((g2(r1',c1+d)-gm2(r1,c1+d))²)),
         -1.0<=S<=1.0,
  

with

r1, c1, r2, c2: row and column coordinates of the corresponding pixels of the two input images,

g1, g2: gray values of the unprocessed input images,

N=(2m+1)(2n+1): size of correlation window

SUM(x): mean value within the correlation window of width 2m+1 and height 2n+1.

Note that the methods 'sad'"sad""sad""sad""sad" and 'ssd'"ssd""ssd""ssd""ssd" compare the gray values of the pixels within a mask window directly, whereas 'ncc'"ncc""ncc""ncc""ncc" compensates for the mean gray value and its variance within the mask window. Therefore, if the two images differ in brightness and contrast, this method should be preferred. For images with similar brightness and contrast 'sad'"sad""sad""sad""sad" and 'ssd'"ssd""ssd""ssd""ssd" are to be preferred as they are faster because of less complex internal computations.

It should be noted, that the quality of correlation for rising S is falling in methods 'sad'"sad""sad""sad""sad" and 'ssd'"ssd""ssd""ssd""ssd" (the best quality value is 0) but rising in method 'ncc'"ncc""ncc""ncc""ncc" (the best quality value is 1.0).

The size of the correlation window, referenced by 2m+1 and 2n+1, has to be odd numbered and is passed in MaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthmaskWidth and MaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightmaskHeight. The search space is confined by the minimum and maximum disparity value MinDisparityMinDisparityMinDisparityMinDisparityminDisparity and MaxDisparityMaxDisparityMaxDisparityMaxDisparitymaxDisparity. Due to pixel values not defined beyond the image border the resulting domain of DisparityDisparityDisparityDisparitydisparity and ScoreScoreScoreScorescore is not set along the image border within a margin of height (MaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightMaskHeightmaskHeight-1)/2 at the top and bottom border and of width (MaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthMaskWidthmaskWidth-1)/2 at the left and right border. For the same reason, the maximum disparity range is reduced at the left and right image border.

Since matching turns out to be highly unreliable when dealing with poorly textured areas, the minimum statistical spread of gray values within the correlation window can be defined in TextureThreshTextureThreshTextureThreshTextureThreshtextureThresh. This threshold is applied on both input images Image1Image1Image1Image1image1 and Image2Image2Image2Image2image2. In addition, ScoreThreshScoreThreshScoreThreshScoreThreshscoreThresh guarantees the matching quality and defines the maximum ('sad'"sad""sad""sad""sad",'ssd'"ssd""ssd""ssd""ssd") or, respectively, minimum ('ncc'"ncc""ncc""ncc""ncc") score value of the correlation function. Setting FilterFilterFilterFilterfilter to 'left_right_check'"left_right_check""left_right_check""left_right_check""left_right_check", moreover, increases the robustness of the returned matches, as the result relies on a concurrent direct and reverse match, whereas 'none'"none""none""none""none" switches it off.

The number of pyramid levels used to improve the time response of binocular_disparitybinocular_disparitybinocular_disparityBinocularDisparityBinocularDisparity is determined by NumLevelsNumLevelsNumLevelsNumLevelsnumLevels. Following a coarse-to-fine scheme disparity images of higher levels are computed and segmented into rectangular subimages of similar disparity to reduce the disparity range on the next lower pyramid level. TextureThreshTextureThreshTextureThreshTextureThreshtextureThresh and ScoreThreshScoreThreshScoreThreshScoreThreshscoreThresh are applied on every level and the returned domain of the DisparityDisparityDisparityDisparitydisparity and ScoreScoreScoreScorescore images arises from the intersection of the resulting domains of every single level. Generally, pyramid structures are the more advantageous the more the disparity image can be segmented into regions of homogeneous disparities and the bigger the disparity range is specified. As a drawback, coarse pyramid levels might loose important texture information which can result in deficient disparity values.

Finally, the value 'interpolation'"interpolation""interpolation""interpolation""interpolation" for parameter SubDisparitySubDisparitySubDisparitySubDisparitysubDisparity performs subpixel refinement of disparities. It is switched off by setting the parameter to 'none'"none""none""none""none".

Parallelization

• Multithreading type: reentrant (runs in parallel with non-exclusive operators).
• Multithreading scope: global (may be called from any thread).
• Automatically parallelized on domain level.

Parameters

* read the internal and external stereo parameters
read_cam_par ('cam_left.dat', CamParam1)
read_cam_par ('cam_right.dat', CamParam2)
read_pose ('relpos.dat', RelPose)

* compute the mapping for rectified images
gen_binocular_rectification_map (Map1, Map2, CamParam1, CamParam2, RelPose, \
  1, 'geometric', 'bilinear', CamParamRect1,CamParamRect2, Cam1PoseRect1, \
  Cam2PoseRect2,RelPoseRect)

* compute the disparities in online images
while (1)
  grab_image_async (Image1, AcqHandle1, -1)
  map_image (Image1, Map1, ImageMapped1)

  grab_image_async (Image2, AcqHandle2, -1)
  map_image (Image2, Map2, ImageMapped2)

  binocular_disparity(ImageMapped1, ImageMapped2, Disparity, Score, 'sad', \
    11, 11, 20, -40, 20, 2, 25, 'left_right_check','interpolation')
endwhile

* read the internal and external stereo parameters
read_cam_par ('cam_left.dat', CamParam1)
read_cam_par ('cam_right.dat', CamParam2)
read_pose ('relpos.dat', RelPose)

* compute the mapping for rectified images
gen_binocular_rectification_map (Map1, Map2, CamParam1, CamParam2, RelPose, \
  1, 'geometric', 'bilinear', CamParamRect1,CamParamRect2, Cam1PoseRect1, \
  Cam2PoseRect2,RelPoseRect)

* compute the disparities in online images
while (1)
  grab_image_async (Image1, AcqHandle1, -1)
  map_image (Image1, Map1, ImageMapped1)

  grab_image_async (Image2, AcqHandle2, -1)
  map_image (Image2, Map2, ImageMapped2)

  binocular_disparity(ImageMapped1, ImageMapped2, Disparity, Score, 'sad', \
    11, 11, 20, -40, 20, 2, 25, 'left_right_check','interpolation')
endwhile

// read the internal and external stereo parameters
read_cam_par("cam_left.dat",CamParam1);
read_cam_par("cam_right.dat",CamParam2);
read_pose("relpos.dat",RelPose);
// compute the mapping for rectified images
gen_binocular_rectification_map(&Map1,&Map2,CamParam1,CamParam2,RelPose,1,
                                "geometric","bilinear",&CamParamRect1,
                                &CamParamRect2,&CamPoseRect1,&CamPoseRect2,
                                &RelPosRect);

// compute the disparities in online images
while (1)
{
  grab_image_async(&Image1,AcqHandle1,-1);
  map_image(Image1,Map1,&ImageMapped1);

  grab_image_async(&Image2,AcqHandle2,-1);
  map_image(Image2,Map2,&ImageMapped2);

  binocular_disparity(ImageMapped1,ImageMapped2,&Disparity,&Score,"sad",
                      11,11,20,-40,20,2,25,"left_right_check",
                      "interpolation");
}

* read the internal and external stereo parameters
read_cam_par ('cam_left.dat', CamParam1)
read_cam_par ('cam_right.dat', CamParam2)
read_pose ('relpos.dat', RelPose)

* compute the mapping for rectified images
gen_binocular_rectification_map (Map1, Map2, CamParam1, CamParam2, RelPose, \
  1, 'geometric', 'bilinear', CamParamRect1,CamParamRect2, Cam1PoseRect1, \
  Cam2PoseRect2,RelPoseRect)

* compute the disparities in online images
while (1)
  grab_image_async (Image1, AcqHandle1, -1)
  map_image (Image1, Map1, ImageMapped1)

  grab_image_async (Image2, AcqHandle2, -1)
  map_image (Image2, Map2, ImageMapped2)

  binocular_disparity(ImageMapped1, ImageMapped2, Disparity, Score, 'sad', \
    11, 11, 20, -40, 20, 2, 25, 'left_right_check','interpolation')
endwhile

* read the internal and external stereo parameters
read_cam_par ('cam_left.dat', CamParam1)
read_cam_par ('cam_right.dat', CamParam2)
read_pose ('relpos.dat', RelPose)

* compute the mapping for rectified images
gen_binocular_rectification_map (Map1, Map2, CamParam1, CamParam2, RelPose, \
  1, 'geometric', 'bilinear', CamParamRect1,CamParamRect2, Cam1PoseRect1, \
  Cam2PoseRect2,RelPoseRect)

* compute the disparities in online images
while (1)
  grab_image_async (Image1, AcqHandle1, -1)
  map_image (Image1, Map1, ImageMapped1)

  grab_image_async (Image2, AcqHandle2, -1)
  map_image (Image2, Map2, ImageMapped2)

  binocular_disparity(ImageMapped1, ImageMapped2, Disparity, Score, 'sad', \
    11, 11, 20, -40, 20, 2, 25, 'left_right_check','interpolation')
endwhile

Result

binocular_disparitybinocular_disparitybinocular_disparityBinocularDisparityBinocularDisparity returns 2 (H_MSG_TRUE) if all parameter values are correct. If necessary, an exception is raised.

Possible Predecessors

map_imagemap_imagemap_imageMapImageMapImage

Possible Successors

thresholdthresholdthresholdThresholdThreshold, disparity_to_distancedisparity_to_distancedisparity_to_distanceDisparityToDistanceDisparityToDistance, disparity_image_to_xyzdisparity_image_to_xyzdisparity_image_to_xyzDisparityImageToXyzDisparityImageToXyz

Alternatives

binocular_disparity_mgbinocular_disparity_mgbinocular_disparity_mgBinocularDisparityMgBinocularDisparityMg, binocular_distancebinocular_distancebinocular_distanceBinocularDistanceBinocularDistance, binocular_distance_mgbinocular_distance_mgbinocular_distance_mgBinocularDistanceMgBinocularDistanceMg

See also

map_imagemap_imagemap_imageMapImageMapImage, gen_binocular_rectification_mapgen_binocular_rectification_mapgen_binocular_rectification_mapGenBinocularRectificationMapGenBinocularRectificationMap, binocular_calibrationbinocular_calibrationbinocular_calibrationBinocularCalibrationBinocularCalibration

Module

3D Metrology